|
Shane O'Neill ((アイルランド語:Séan Ó Néill); c. 1530 – 2 June 1567), known by English historians as ''Séan an Díomáis'', or Shane the Proud and by his Irish contemporaries as ''Seán Donnghaileach Mac Cuinn Bhacaigh Ó Néill'', was an Irish king of the O'Neill dynasty of Ulster in the mid 16th century. Shane O'Neill's career was marked by his ambition to be The Ó Néill Mór – sovereign of the dominant Ó Néill Mór family of Tyrone... and thus head overking or ''Rí ruirech'' of the entire province. This brought him into conflict with competing branches of the O'Neill family and with the English government in Ireland, who recognised a rival claim. Shane's support was considered worth gaining by the English even during the lifetime of his father Conn O'Neill, 1st Earl of Tyrone (died 1559). But rejecting overtures from Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, the lord deputy from 1556, Shane refused to help the English against the Scottish settlers on the coast of Antrim, allying himself instead with the MacDonnells, the most powerful of these immigrants. ==Feuding within the O'Neill Lordship== The English, since the late 1530s, had been expanding their control over Ireland, this century-long effort is known as the Tudor conquest of Ireland. To incorporate the native Irish lordships, they granted English titles to Irish lords – thus making Conn Bacach O'Neill, Shane's father, the first Earl of Tyrone. However, whereas in Gaelic custom, the successor to a chiefship was elected from his kinsmen in the system of Tanistry, the English insisted on succession by the first-born son or primogeniture. This created a conflict between Shane, who considered it his natural right to be Chieftain of his clan and an "affiliated son" or adoptee〔Morgan, Hiram ''Tyrone's Rebellion'' (1993) pp. 86-7. The genealogy of the O'Neills that Hiram Morgan has prepared notes Matthew as "affiliated".〕 of his father Conn Bacach, Matthew O'Neill or ''Fear Dorcha'' who was 'conveniently mistaken' as the offspring of Conn when he travelled to London in 1542 to be invested with the Earldom of Tyrone. Feardorcha had accompanied Conn's entourage as the Earl's eldest son Phelim Caoch O'Neill had been killed by his enemy Gillespic MacDonnell〔Donald M. Schlegel, 'The MacDonnells of Tyrone and Armagh: A Genealogical Study,' ''Seanchas Ardmhacha'', vol. 10, no.1 (1980/1981), pg. 205〕 during a raid in Ulster shortly before Conn's inauguration visit. Gillespic MacDonnell's family were noted as committed adherents of Feardorcha and his descendents. Shane's mother Lady Alice Fitzgerald, Tyrone's first wife, was the daughter of Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare, and his stepmother was the daughter of Hugh Buidhe O'Neill of Clandeboy. She died while Shane was young and Shane, following Gaelic custom, was fostered by the Donnelly (Ó Donnaile) family, who raised him until his early teenage years. During his trip to the English court to receive the title of earl of Tyrone, Shane's father Conn 'Bacach' (''Limping''), who had just lost his eldest son and was in open conflict his surviving sons, was accompanied by the fosterling Feardorcha (translated into English as 'Matthew'), a youth who, until he was sixteen had been acknowledged as the son of a Dundalk blacksmith.〔Richard Bagwell, ''Ireland Under the Tudors'', (3 Vols) London, vol ii, pgs 2–4.〕 Feardorcha's mother Alison Kelly was Conn Bacach's lover. When Conn was created earl of Tyrone, Feardorcha was declared to be Conn's heir in English law, disinheriting all of Conn's surviving sons, including Shane. Under English law, Feardorcha, titled Baron of Dungannon from Conn's principal house in Tyrone, was intended to succeed him as 2nd Earl of Tyrone. However, Feardorcha was ambushed and killed by Shane's foster brothers, the Ó Donnaile, in 1558, some months before the death of Conn Bacach, and the claim to the earldom passed to Brian, Feardorcha's eldest son, who was later killed in 1562 in a skirmish with Turlough Luineach. The claim to the earldom now passed to Feardorcha's next son Hugh O'Neill who had been removed to the Pale by Sir Henry Sidney in 1559 and was brought up there while Shane established his supremacy in Ulster. Shane was inaugurated as The O'Neill. In English law this was an illegal usurpation of the rulership of Ulster. But according to Gaelic Irish law (derbfine), Shane had every claim to the title The O'Neill. The case for Feardorcha's disqualifying status under both English and Irish law, as an affiliated member of the family rather than as an actual son of Conn Bacach,〔Sean Ghall, 'An Historical Note on Shane O'Neill,' ''The Catholic Bulletin'', vol XIII, April–May 1923, pgs, 311–314.〕 was carefully stated by Shane when he made his own claim to the title of Earl of Tyrone both before and during his visit to Queen Elizabeth in 1562,〔JS Brewer and W Bullen, (eds), ''Calender of the Carew Manuscripts Preserved in the Archepiscopal Library at Lambeth, 1515–1624'', (6 vols), London, vol. i, pg 304-8; Ciarán Brady "The Government of Ireland, circa 1540–1583' PhD Trinity college, Dublin, 1981, pgs, 153-4, 180–5.〕 and restated in some detail by the English authorities when Hugh O'Neill was outlawed during the Nine Years War. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shane O'Neill」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|